Ko ngā muka ārai-pūmau he momo muka matū e kore e ngāwari te kohikohi i ngā utu pūmau. I raro i ngā tikanga paerewa, me iti iho i te 10¹⁰Ω·cm te ātete rōrahi o ngā muka ārai-pūmau, me iti iho rānei i te 60 hēkona te haurua-ora o te horapa utu pūmau.

Ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi kakahu he ārai hiko me te ātete motuhake teitei, inā koa ngā muka hangai he iti te mimiti makuku pērā i te polyester, te acrylic, me ngā muka polyvinyl chloride. I te wā e tukatuka ana i te kakahu, ka pā tata me te waku i waenga i ngā muka me ngā muka, i ngā muka me ngā wāhanga mīhini rānei, ka puta he whakawhiti utu ki runga i te mata o ngā mea, ā, ka puta he hiko pateko.

He maha ngā pānga kino ka pā mai i te hiko pūmau. Hei tauira, ka panaia e ngā muka he rite te utu tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ka kukume ngā muka he rerekē te utu ki ngā wāhanga mīhini, ka puta ai te huruhuru o te miro, te ngoikore o te hanga takai, te piri o te muka ki ngā wāhanga mīhini, te pakaru o te miro, me ngā rārangi marara ki te mata o te papanga. I muri i te whakakīia o te kākahu, ka ngāwari te mimiti i te puehu me te paru, ā, ka puta pea he hononga i waenga i te kākahu me te tinana tangata, i waenga rānei i te kākahu me te kākahu, ā, ka puta pea he mura hiko. I ngā wā kino, ka eke te ngaohiko pūmau ki te mano tini o ngā volts, ā, ka puta pea he ahi kino i ngā mura e puta mai ana i te tukunga.

He maha ngā tikanga hei whakawhiwhi i ngā muka hangai me ō rātou papanga ki ngā āhuatanga ātete-pūmau pakari. Hei tauira, ka taea te tāpiri i ngā pūmua wai-aroha, ngā pūmua iti-taumaha-ngota-arataki rānei i te wā e whakapūmuahia ana, e mirohia ana rānei ngā muka hangai; ka taea te whakamahi i te hangarau miro hiato hei whakaputa i ngā muka hiato me te paparanga o waho wai-aroha. I roto i te tukanga miro, ka taea te whakaranu i ngā muka hangai me ngā muka he kaha te wai-aroha, ka taea rānei te whakaranu i ngā muka he utu pai me ngā muka he utu kino kia rite ki te raupapatanga pūmanawa. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te whakaotinga āwhina wai-aroha pakari ki ngā papanga.

Hei whakarite i ngā muka he roa te pānga ārai-pūmau, ka tāpirihia ngā matū horoi ki te miro hei miro i te ranunga. I muri i te hanganga o te muka, ka heke tonu ngā matū horoi, ka horapa mai i roto i te muka ki te mata nā runga i ō rātou ake āhuatanga, kia tutuki ai te pānga ārai-pūmau. Tērā anō hoki ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakapiri i ngā matū horoi ki te mata muka mā roto i ngā piripiri, te hono rānei i aua mea ki roto i ngā kiriata ki te mata muka, ā, he rite te pānga ki te paraihe i te wanihi ārai-pūmau ki te mata kirihou.

He hononga tata te pānga ārai-pūmau o ēnei muka ki te haumākū o te taiao. Ina nui te haumākū, ka taea e te makuku te whakarei ake i te kawe irahiko o te matū horoi, ā, ka tino pai ake te mahi ārai-pūmau; i roto i ngā taiao maroke, ka ngoikore te pānga.

Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei momo muka ārai-pūmau ko te whakarerekē i te pūmua hanga-muka, me te whakarei ake i te waiora o te muka mā te tāpiri i ngā monomer hydrophilic, ngā pūmua rānei, kia whiwhi ai i ngā āhuatanga ārai-pūmau. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakaranu i te konupora whanariki ki roto i te miro kiriaku, ā, i muri i te miro me te whakapūmau, ka rongoatia ki te matū whakaiti kei roto he whanariki, ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa me te roa o te kawe hiko o ngā muka kawe hiko. Haunga te miro ranunga noa, kua puta haere te tikanga tāpiri i ngā pūmua hydrophilic i te wā o te polymerization hei hanga i tētahi pūnaha marara moroiti-maha-wāhanga, pērā i te tāpiri polyethylene glycol ki te ranunga tauhohenga caprolactam hei whakarei ake i te roa o ngā āhuatanga ārai-pūmau.

Ko ngā muka kawe hiko whakarewa he mea hanga i ngā rauemi whakarewa mā roto i ngā tukanga hanga muka motuhake. Ko ngā konganuku noa ko te maitai kore waikura, te parahi, te konumohe, te nikara, me ētahi atu. He pai te kawe hiko o ēnei muka, ka tere te kawe i ngā utu, ā, ka whakakore pai i te hiko pateko. I taua wā anō, he pai hoki te ātete ki te wera me te waikura matū. Heoi, ina whakamahia ki ngā kakahu, he iti ngā herenga. Hei tauira, he iti te piri o ngā muka whakarewa, ā, kāore i te rawaka te kaha here i waenga i ngā muka i te wā e miro ana, ka raru pea te kounga o te miro; ka herea te tae o ngā hua kua oti e te tae o te konganuku tonu, ā, he kotahi noa iho. I roto i ngā mahi whaihua, he maha ngā wā ka whakaranua ki ngā muka noa, mā te whakamahi i te painga kawe hiko o ngā muka whakarewa hei whakawhiwhi i ngā hua whakaranu ki ngā āhuatanga ārai-pateko, me te whakamahi i ngā muka noa hei whakapai ake i te mahi miro me te whakaiti i ngā utu.

Ko ngā tikanga whakarite mō ngā muka kawe waro ko te tāpiri, te paninga, te whakapūmau waro, me ētahi atu. Ko te tāpiri he whakaranu i ngā poke kawe ki roto i te rauemi hanga muka hei whakarerekē i te hanganga hiko o te rauemi, kia whiwhi ai te muka i te kawe; ko te paninga he hanga i tētahi paparanga kawe mā te paninga i tētahi paparanga rauemi waro me te kawe pai pērā i te pango waro i runga i te mata muka; ko te whakapūmau waro he whakamahi i te viscose, te acrylic, te pitch, me ētahi atu hei muka matua, ā, mā te whakapūmau waro pāmahana teitei ka huri hei muka waro kawe. Ko ngā muka kawe waro i whakaritea mā ēnei tikanga ka whiwhi i tētahi kawe me te pupuri i tētahi wāhanga o ngā āhuatanga miihini taketake o ngā muka. Ahakoa he pai te kawe, te ātete wera me te ātete matū o ngā muka waro i tukatukahia mā te whakapūmau waro, he teitei te modulus, he mārō te kakano, he kore pakari, kāore e ātete ki te piko, ā, kāore he kaha ki te whakaiti wera, nō reira he ngoikore te whakamahinga i ētahi wā me pai te ngāwari me te whakarerekētanga o ngā muka.

He hanganga honohono motuhake tō ngā muka arataki waro i hangaia mai i ngā pūmua arataki, ā, ka taea e ngā irahiko te neke haere noa i runga i te mekameka ngota, nō reira he arataki. Nā ō rātou āhuatanga arataki ahurei me ngā āhuatanga rauemi waro, he uara pea te whakamahinga o aua muka ki ētahi mara teitei me ngā whakaritenga mahi rauemi motuhake me te aro nui ki te utu iti, pērā i ngā taputapu hiko motuhake me ngā mara rererangi.

Ka whakamahia e tēnei momo muka te mahi ārai-pūmau mā te pani i ngā matū kawe hiko pērā i te pango waro me te konganuku ki runga i te mata o ngā muka hangai noa mā roto i ngā tukanga whakaoti mata. He uaua, he utu nui hoki te tukanga paninga konganuku, ā, tera pea ka pā ki ngā āhuatanga mau pērā i te pa o te ringa ki te muka.

Ko te tikanga miro hiato ko te hanga i tētahi muka kotahi me ngā wāhanga rerekē e rua, neke atu rānei, mā roto i tētahi huihuinga miro hiato motuhake i roto i te tukanga miro kotahi mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmua e rua, neke atu rānei, he rerekē ngā hanganga, ngā āhuatanga rānei. I te wā e whakarite ana i ngā muka ārai-pūmau, ko ngā pūmua he kawe hiko, he pūmua rānei kua tāpirihia ki ngā matū kawe hiko ka whakamahia hei wāhanga kotahi, ā, ka whakakotahihia ki ngā pūmua hanga muka noa. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu tikanga whakarite muka ārai-pūmau, he pumau ake ngā āhuatanga ārai-pūmau o ngā muka i whakaritea mā te tikanga miro hiato, ā, he iti ake te pānga kino ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o ngā muka.

I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ina maroke rawa te hau i te takurua, tera pea ka puta te hiko pateko i waenga i te kiri tangata me ngā kākahu, ā, ka taea e te ngaohiko pateko ohorere te eke ki ngā tekau mano volts i ngā wā tino kino, ka whakararuraru i te tinana tangata. Hei tauira, ko te hikoi i runga i ngā whāriki ka taea te whakaputa i te 1500-35000 volts o te hiko pateko, ko te hikoi i runga i ngā papa vinyl resin ka taea te whakaputa i te 250-12000 volts o te hiko pateko, ā, ko te mirimiri ki te tūru i roto i te whare ka taea te whakaputa neke atu i te 1800 volts o te hiko pateko. Ko te taumata o te hiko pateko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te haumākū o te hau e karapoti ana. I te nuinga o te wā, ina neke atu te pokanoa pateko i te 7000 volts, ka rongo te tangata i te ru hiko.

He kino te hiko pūmau ki te tinana tangata. Ka taea e te hiko pūmau tonu te whakanui ake i te kawakore i roto i te toto, te whakaiti i te ihirangi konupūmā i roto i te toto, me te whakanui ake i te tukunga konupūmā i roto i te mimi. He nui ake te pānga o tēnei ki ngā tamariki e tipu haere ana, ki ngā kaumātua he iti rawa te taumata konupūmā i roto i te toto, me ngā wāhine hapu me ngā whaea whāngai u e hiahia ana ki te nui o te konupūmā. Ko te nui rawa o te kohikohinga o te hiko pūmau i roto i te tinana tangata ka puta he rerenga iahiko rerekē o ngā kiriuhi pūtau io o te roro, ka pā ki te pūnaha io matua, ka arahi ki ngā huringa o te pH toto me ngā āhuatanga hāora o te tinana, ka pā ki te taurite ā-tinana o te tinana, ka puta he tohu pēnei i te whanoke, te ānini, te riri, te kore moe, te ngaro o te hiahia kai, me te whakaaroaro hinengaro. Ka taea hoki e te hiko pūmau te whakararuraru i te tohanga toto o te tangata, te pūnaha ārai mate me te io, ka pā ki te mahi noa o ngā whekau (ina koa te ngākau), ā, ka puta pea he tere rerekē o te ngākau me te pā o te ngākau wawe. I te takurua, tata ki te kotahi hautoru o ngā mate pūnaha toto e pā ana ki te hiko pūmau. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ngā wāhi mura me ngā wāhi pahū, ka puta he ahi i te hiko pūmau i runga i te tinana tangata.